STONEHENGE
Is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, is composed of earthwork surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones and sits at the centre of the densest complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age. One recent theory has suggested that the first stones were not erected until 2400-2200 BC.
New archaeological evidence found by the Stonehenge Riverside Project indicates that Stonehenge served as a burial ground from its earliest beginnings.

HISTORY:

· Stonehenge 1 (ca. 3100 BC)
The first monument consisted of a circular bank and ditch enclosure made of Late Cretaceous measuring around 110 metres in diameter with a large entrance to the north east and a smaller one to the south

· Stonehenge 2 (ca. 3000 BC)
Number of postholes on this period was built within the enclosure during the early 3rd millennium BC. Standing timbers were placed at the northeast entrance and a parallel alignment of posts ran inwards from the southern entrance. The postholes are smaller and the bank was purposely reduced in height and the ditch continued to silt up.

· Stonehenge 3 I (ca. 2600 BC)
Archaeological excavation has indicated that around 2600 BC, timber was abandoned in favour of stone, and two concentric arrays of holes were dug in the centre of the site. The holes held up to 80 standing stones. The bluestones (some of which are made of dolerite, an igneous rock), were thought for much of the 20th century to have been transported by humans from the Preseli Hills, 250 kilometres (160 mi) away in modern day Pembrokeshire in Wales. A newer theory is that they were brought from glacial deposits much nearer the site, which had been carried down from the northern side of the Preselis to southern England by the Irish Sea Glacier.Other standing stones may well have been small sarsens, used later as lintels. The stones, which weighed about four tons, consisted mostly of spotted Ordovician dolerite but included examples of rhyolite, tuff and volcanic and calcareous ash; in total around 20 different rock types are represented. Each monolith measures around 2 metres in height, between 1 m and 1.5 m wide and around 0.8 metres (2.6 ft) thick. What was to become known as the Altar Stone (1), is almost certainly derived from either Carmarthenshire or the Brecon Beacons and may have stood as a single large monolith.

· Stonehenge 3 II (2600 BC to 2400 BC)
The next major phase of activity saw 30 enormous Oligocene-Miocene sarsen stones brought to the site. They may have come from a quarry around 40 kilometres north of Stonehenge, on the Marlborough Downs, or they may have been collected from a "litter" of sarsens on the chalk downs, closer to hand. The stones were dressed and fashioned with mortise and tenon joints before 30 were erected as a 33 metres diameter circle of standing stones, with a ring of 30 lintel stones resting on top. The lintels were fitted to one another using another woodworking method, the tongue and groove joint. Each standing stone was around 4.1 metres high, 2.1 metres wide and eighed around 25 tons. Each had clearly been worked with the final effect in mind; the orthostats widen slightly towards the top in order that their perspective remains constant as they rise up from the ground while the lintel stones curve slightly to continue the circular appearance of the earlier monument. The sides of the stones that face inwards are smoother and more finely worked than the sides that face outwards. The average thickness of these stones is 1.1 metres and the average distance between them is 1 metre . A total of 74 stones would have been needed to complete the circle and unless some of the sarsens were removed from the site, it would seem that the ring was left incomplete.


·Stonehenge 3 III
Later in the Bronze Age, the bluestones appear to have been re-erected for the first time, although the exact details of this period are still unclear. They were placed within the outer sarsen circle and at this time may have been trimmed in some way. A few have timber working-style cuts in them like the sarsens themselves, suggesting they may have been linked with lintels and part of a larger structure during this phase.


·Stonehenge 3 IV (2280 BC to 1930 BC)
This place was in a circle between the two settings of sarsens and in an oval in the very centre. Some archaeologists argue that some of the bluestones in this period were part of a second group brought from Wales. All the stones were well-spaced uprights without any of the linking lintels inferred in Stonehenge 3 III. The Altar Stone may have been moved within the oval and stood vertically.

·Stonehenge 3 V (2280 BC to 1930 BC)
Soon afterwards, the north eastern section of the Phase 3 IV Bluestone circle was removed; creating a horseshoe-shaped setting termed the Bluestone Horseshoe. This mirrored the shape of the central sarsen Trilithons and dates from 2270 to 1930 BC. This phase is contemporary with the famous Seahenge

site in Norfolk.

HADRIAN’S WALL

Hadrian's Wall (Latin: perhaps Vallum Aelium) is a stone and turf fortification built by the Roman Empire across the width of what is now northern England. Begun in AD 122, during the rule of emperor Hadrian, it was the middle of three such fortifications built across Great Britain, the first being from the River Clyde to the River Forth under Agricola and the last the Antonine Wall. All were built to prevent raids on Roman Britain by the Pictish tribes (ancient inhabitants of Scotland) to the north, to improve economic stability and provide peaceful conditions in Britain, and to mark physically the frontier of the Empire. Hadrian's Wall is the best known of the three because its physical presence remains most evident today.

It use as a military fortification, it is thought that the gates through the wall would also have served as customs posts to allow trade taxation.

A significant portion of the wall still exists. It is the most popular tourist attraction in Northern England, where it is often known simply as the Roman Wall.

WILLIAM WALLACE

William Wallace (1270 - 23 August 1305) was a Scottish knight who led the resistance against the English occupation of Scotland. It is believed that he was born in Paisley (Scotland). It was declared outlaw after killing an Englishman in a fight. From then began its actions against the British. A little later, he burned a British garrison and directed an attack against a real officer. Rather than accept the treaty of submission to England, had few attacking English strongholds in the north of the River Forth. On 11 September 1297 he defeated the British at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. It is said that when he had finished the battle killed the English commander, was escorxar and it was a belt, and that he li'n leave skin, but was able to make a case for the sword. He was elected to the post of regent, but in 1298 an army led by King Edward I of England invaded Scotland. On 22 July of that year, Wallace's troops were defeated at the Battle of Falkirk, and Sir William had to hide. One time after he was captured near Glasgow and, after being tried for treason, was executed on 23 August 1305.

WORLD WAR II

World War II, or the Second World War was a global military conflict

which involved a majority of the wold's nations, including all of the great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. The war involved the mobilization of over 100 million military personnel, making it the most widespread war in history. In a state of "total war", the major participants placed their complete economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities at the service of the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Over seventy millon people, the majority of whom were civilians, were killed, making it the deadliest conflict in human history.
The start of the war is generally held to be in September 1st 1939 with the German invaton of Poland and subsequent declaratins of war on Germany by most of the countries in the British Commonwealth and France.Many belligerents were at war before or after this date, during a period which spanned from 1937 to 1941, as a result of other events. Amongst these main events are the Marco Polo Bridge Incident (fought between Nationalist China and Japan), the start of Operation Barbarossa (the German invasion of the Soviet Union), and the attacks on Pearl Harbor and British and Dutch colonies in South East Asia.
After the war ended in 1945, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as the world's superpowers. This set the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 45 years. The United Nations was formed in the hope of preventing another such conflict. The acceptance of the right to self-determination accelerated decolonization movements in Asia and Africa, while Western Europe itself began moving toward integration.